Advancements in diagnosing Post-concussion Syndrome: insights into epidemiology, pathophysiology, neuropathology, neuroimaging, and salivary biomarkers. [Review]
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All Authors
Mavroudis, I.
Petridis, F.
Ciobica, A.
Kamal, FZ.
Padurariu, M.
Kazis, D.
LTHT Author
Mavroudis, Ioannis
LTHT Department
Neurosciences
Neurology
Neurology
Non Medic
Publication Date
2025
Item Type
Journal Article
Review
Review
Language
Subject
Subject Headings
Abstract
Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) represents a complex constellation of symptoms that persist following a concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), with significant implications for patient care and outcomes. Despite its prevalence, diagnosing PCS presents considerable challenges due to the subjective nature of symptoms, the absence of specific diagnostic tests, and the overlap with other neurological and psychiatric conditions. This review explores the multifaceted diagnostic challenges associated with PCS, including the heterogeneity of symptom presentation, the limitations of current neuroimaging techniques, and the overlap of PCS symptoms with other disorders. We also discuss the potential of emerging biomarkers and advanced imaging modalities to enhance diagnostic accuracy and provide a more objective basis for PCS identification. Additionally, the review highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the diagnosis and management of PCS, integrating clinical evaluation with innovative diagnostic tools to improve patient outcomes. Through a comprehensive analysis of current practices and future directions, this review aims to shed light on the complexities of PCS diagnosis and pave the way for improved strategies in the identification and treatment of this condition.
Journal
Acta Neurologica Belgica