Outcomes of Surgery Versus Radioactive Iodine as Definitive Therapy in Pediatric Graves' Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.

He, GS.; Ling Chia, JL.; Hao, TT.; Pinto, D.; De Jong, MC.; Ho, C.; Samuel, M.; Parameswaran, R.

Outcomes of Surgery Versus Radioactive Iodine as Definitive Therapy in Pediatric Graves' Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.

All Authors

He, GS.

Ling Chia, JL.

Hao, TT.

Pinto, D.

De Jong, MC.

Ho, C.

Samuel, M.

Parameswaran, R.

LTHT Author

de Jong, Mechteld Christine

LTHT Department

Oncology
Endocrine Surgery

Publication Date

2026

Item Type

Journal Article

Subject

HOSPITALISATION , HYPERTHYROIDISM , META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC , GRAVES DISEASE , PAEDIATRICS , ELEMENTS, RADIOACTIVE , RECURRENCE , SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE , SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AS TOPIC , THYROIDECTOMY , TREATMENT OUTCOME

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Definitive second-line treatment for pediatric Graves' disease (GD) includes radioiodine ablation (RAI) or thyroidectomy. The current treatment practice in pediatric GD patients is a contentious issue as the decision to consider either of the treatment options depends on preferences of patients, physicians, and access to surgical care and radioactive iodine treatment. This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to compare the cure and relapse rates of RAI versus surgery as definitive therapy in children with Graves' Disease. METHODS: A comprehensive search on Cochrane library, Embase, PUBMED, MEDLINE (via Pubmed), and ClinicalTrials.gov for English articles published on definitive treatment of GD in children since 1985 to 2023 was performed. The data were extracted and meta-analyzed for efficacy and safety outcomes, risk of bias (ROB), and certainty of evidence summated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) instrument. RESULTS: Twenty-nine (26 retrospective and 3 prospective) studies with a total of 1861 children and a mean age of 13.15 years with a mean follow up of 8 years were evaluated in the systematic review. Among these, 1061 children received RAI therapy, whereas 800 underwent thyroidectomy and were evaluated in the pooled analysis. 755 were excluded as details pertaining to definite treatment was not available. Studies were of low to moderate risk of bias. The pooled analysis suggests that RAI had significantly lower cure rate in children compared to children who underwent thyroidectomy (RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.81-0.99; p = 0.03). In subgroup analysis of patients from 19 studies who underwent surgery, total thyroidectomy (2%) was more effective than subtotal thyroidectomy (13%) in preventing recurrent hyperthyroidism (p = 0.001; moderate quality evidence). Hypothyroidism rates after RAI and surgery were similar (RR 0.97; 95% CI 0.67-1.40; p = 0.88). There were no significant adverse outcomes reported such as secondary malignancy or quality of life after RAI. Following TT, adverse effects seen were permanent hypoparathyroidism (0.6%) and temporary recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (5.1%). CONCLUSION: Thyroidectomy appears to be more effective than RAI in effecting cure in Graves' disease in children following failed remission with antithyroid medication therapy. However, access to thyroidectomy may not be universally available and RAI is an option in these children.