Insulin Bolus Patterns in Newly Diagnosed Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Using a Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery System.

Royston, C.; Ware, J.; Allen, JM.; Wilinska, ME.; Hartnell, S.; Thankamony, A.; Randell, T.; Ghatak, A.; Besser, REJ.; Elleri, D.; Trevelyan, N.; Campbell, FM.; Hovorka, R.; Boughton, CK.

Insulin Bolus Patterns in Newly Diagnosed Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Using a Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery System.

All Authors

Royston, C.

Ware, J.

Allen, JM.

Wilinska, ME.

Hartnell, S.

Thankamony, A.

Randell, T.

Ghatak, A.

Besser, REJ.

Elleri, D.

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LTHT Author

Campbell, Fiona M

LTHT Department

Leeds Children's Hospital
Children & Young People's Diabetes

Publication Date

2026

Item Type

Journal Article

Subject

INSULIN , INSULIN INFUSION SYSTEMS , DIAGNOSIS , DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1

Abstract

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the decline over time in the proportion of total daily insulin delivered as boluses in newly diagnosed youth with type 1 diabetes using a hybrid closed-loop system. METHOD: A secondary analysis was conducted using data from the CLOuD study, an open-label, multicenter, randomized, parallel hybrid closed-loop trial to investigate bolus patterns in youth with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. RESULTS: Over the 48-month trial period, the proportion of total daily insulin delivered as carbohydrate-related boluses decreased from 58% to 34%. There was a decreasing trend in the median (interquartile range) amount of carbohydrates entered per day from 236 (204, 253) g to 184 (127, 232) g, and the number of carbohydrate-related boluses per day from 5.5 (4.6, 6.5) to 3.7 (2.9, 5.2) over the 48 months. Mean +/- SD daily carbohydrate-related bolus insulin increased from 15.1 +/- 6.6 to 22.0 +/- 9.0 units/d, and the amount of insulin delivered per 10 g of carbohydrate more than doubled from 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) units to 1.3 (0.9, 1.5) units. The postprandial change in glucose (measured as the difference between peak glucose 30 to 180 minutes post carbohydrate-related bolus and glucose on carbohydrate-related bolus delivery) changed from 49 (45, 54) to 59 (53, 66) mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: The decline in the proportion of total daily insulin delivered for as bolus is likely attributable to a combination of missed boluses and under-bolusing, while the closed-loop algorithm compensates for the missed or insufficient carbohydrate-related insulin delivery by increasing basal insulin delivery.